Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a chronic, life-threatening condition involving high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs. Unlike common hypertension, PH specifically affects the pulmonary arteries, making it harder for the heart to pump blood through the lungs. Over time, this strain can lead to severe complications such as heart failure. Recognizing the early signs of pulmonary hypertension is crucial for timely intervention and better quality of life. Here are seven key symptoms to watch for:
Shortness of breath
Shortness of breath is one of the earliest and most noticeable symptoms of pulmonary hypertension. Initially, it may occur only during physical activities like climbing stairs or walking uphill. As the condition progresses, even routine tasks or resting may lead to difficulty breathing.
Shortness of breath is a hallmark sign of PH, though it can also indicate other conditions like asthma or anemia. If it persists, consult a healthcare provider for further evaluation.
Fatigue and weakness
Feeling unusually tired or weak could signal PH, as the heart works harder to push blood through the lungs. This leads to reduced blood flow and oxygen delivery to muscles and organs, causing physical exertion to feel draining.
If fatigue disrupts daily activities, don’t dismiss it as stress or aging—it could be a symptom of pulmonary hypertension.
Chest pain or pressure
Many PH patients report chest pain or a feeling of heaviness in the chest. This occurs due to increased pressure on the right ventricle as it pumps blood through narrowed pulmonary arteries.
Although chest pain is often linked with heart conditions, in PH, it requires immediate attention to rule out serious complications.
Edema (swelling) in the ankles, legs, or abdomen PH can lead to fluid retention, causing noticeable swelling in the lower extremities or abdomen. This swelling, known as edema, results from the heart’s inability to pump blood efficiently, causing fluid to accumulate in the tissues.
If swelling worsens over time or after prolonged standing, seek medical evaluation promptly.
Bluish tint to the lips or skin (cyanosis)
Cyanosis, a bluish discoloration of the lips, skin, or fingernails, indicates low oxygen levels in the blood. PH patients may experience this due to the heart’s decreased capacity to pump oxygenated blood effectively.
While cyanosis is common in other heart and lung conditions, its presence in PH signals advanced disease and warrants urgent medical attention.
Dizziness or fainting (syncope)
Dizziness or fainting episodes, especially during physical exertion or sudden standing, can occur in PH patients. These symptoms arise when the heart struggles to maintain adequate blood pressure and oxygen supply.
Syncope is a significant symptom that could indicate advanced PH or complications like arrhythmias. Consult a doctor immediately if dizziness or fainting occurs.
Heart palpitations or irregular heartbeats
Palpitations—a fluttering, pounding, or racing sensation in the chest—are common in PH. They result from the heart’s increased workload due to elevated pulmonary artery pressure.
In severe cases, PH can cause arrhythmias (abnormal heart rhythms), leading to reduced blood flow and oxygen delivery. Persistent palpitations should always be evaluated by a healthcare provider.
Why early detection matters
PH is a progressive disease that worsens over time if left untreated. Early diagnosis and management can significantly improve a patient’s quality of life. Common diagnostic tools include echocardiograms, chest X-rays, pulmonary function tests, and right heart catheterization.
Treatment of PH includes pulmonary vasodilators, blood thinners, and oxygen therapy to reduce symptoms and slow disease progression. Lifestyle changes, such as a heart-healthy diet and regular monitoring, are also essential. For advanced cases, Creation of interatrial communication creation, Potts shunt, or lung transplantation may be required.
When to see a doctor
If you notice any of these symptoms, particularly in combination, it’s essential to consult a healthcare provider. While these signs may overlap with other conditions, a medical evaluation is necessary to confirm whether PH is the underlying cause.
By recognizing these symptoms early and seeking timely care, patients can prevent complications and maintain a better quality of life despite this challenging condition.
(Dr. Prashant Bobhate, Pediatric Cardiologist and Pulmonary Hypertension Specialist)
